Moments - Definition of Statistics Terms

Moments in mathematical statistics involve a basic calculation.  These calculations can be used to find a probability distributions mean, variance, and skewness. Suppose that we have a set of data with a total of n discrete points. One important calculation, which is actually several numbers, is called the sth moment. The sth moment of the data set with values x1, x2, x3, ... , xn is given by the formula: (x1s x2s x3s ... xns)/n Using this formula requires us to be careful with our order of operations. We need to do the exponents first, add, then divide this sum by n the total number of data values. A Note on the Term Moment The term moment has been taken from physics. In physics, the moment of a system of point masses is calculated with a formula identical to that above, and this formula is used in finding the center of mass of the points. In statistics, the values are no longer masses, but as we will see, moments in statistics still measure something relative to the center of the values.​ First Moment For the first moment, we set s 1. The formula for the first moment is thus: (x1x2 x3 ... xn)/n This is identical to the formula for the sample mean. The first moment of the values 1, 3, 6, 10 is (1 3 6 10) / 4 20/4 5. Second Moment For the second moment we set s 2. The formula for the second moment is: (x12 x22 x32 ... xn2)/n The second moment of the values 1, 3, 6, 10 is (12 32 62 102) / 4 (1 9 36 100)/4 146/4 36.5. Third Moment For the third moment we set s 3. The formula for the third moment is: (x13 x23 x33 ... xn3)/n The third moment of the values 1, 3, 6, 10 is (13 33 63 103) / 4 (1 27 216 1000)/4 1244/4 311. Higher moments can be calculated in a similar way. Just replace s in the above formula with the number denoting the desired moment. Moments About the Mean A related idea is that of the sth moment about the mean. In this calculation we perform the following steps: First, calculate the mean of the values.Next, subtract this mean from each value.Then raise each of these differences to the sth power.Now add the numbers from step #3 together.Finally, divide this sum by the number of values we started with. The formula for the sth moment about the mean m of the values values x1, x2, x3, ..., xn is given by: ms ((x1 - m)s (x2 - m)s (x3 - m)s ... (xn - m)s)/n First Moment About the Mean The first moment about the mean is always equal to zero, no matter what the data set is that we are working with. This can be seen in the following: m1 ((x1 - m) (x2 - m) (x3 - m) ... (xn - m))/n ((x1 x2 x3 ... xn) - nm)/n m - m 0. Second Moment About the Mean The second moment about the mean is obtained from the above formula by settings 2: m2 ((x1 - m)2 (x2 - m)2 (x3 - m)2 ... (xn - m)2)/n This formula is equivalent to that for the sample variance. For example, consider the set 1, 3, 6, 10. We have already calculated the mean of this set to be 5. Subtract this from each of the data values to obtain differences of: 1 – 5 -43 – 5 -26 – 5 110 – 5 5 We square each of these values and add them together: (-4)2 (-2)2 12 52 16 4 1 25 46. Finally divide this number by the number of data points: 46/4 11.5 Applications of Moments As mentioned above, the first moment is the mean and the second moment about the mean is the sample variance. Karl Pearson introduced the use of the third moment about the mean in calculating skewness and the fourth moment about the mean in the calculation of kurtosis.

Marie Antoinette Essay - 632 Words

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette is possibly one of the most famous French Monarchs. Born an Austrian princess, she because one of the last monarchs to rule the French, Marie Antoinette has had a major impact on French History but, most importantly, the French Revolution. Unfortunately, she isn’t remembered as a great queen or ruler, but because of the way her and her husband died on the guillotine. Marie Antoinette was born on November 2, 1755. Her mother was the Empress Maria Theresa and her father was the Holy Roman Emperor Francis I. Marie’s childhood was vaguely insignificant; she was raised knowing one day she would rule France. In 1770, at the age of fifteen, the Austrian Princess Marie was married to the Dauphin Louis. He was†¦show more content†¦Their first daughter, Marie Thà ©rà ¨se Charlotte she was born on December 19, 1778 at Versailles. Louis Joseph Xavier Francois who was born on October 22, 1781. He Died at the age of seven on June 4, 1789 of tuberculosis. Their second son Louis Charles who was born March 27, 1785. He Died on June 8, 1795 while alone in prison. Sophie Bà ©atrix she was born in 1786, Sophie died as an infant just before turning one year old in 1787. Marie was not the most popular queen; she had spending habits that would lead France into a large debt. She spent large amounts of money on dresses, hair and shoes. Her popularity among the people of France was not on good terms. France was already in debt with its people starving on the streets and Marie continued to spend as much as she wanted. She was often referred to as the Austrian whore; many rumors told shocking stories of a myriad of lovers, both male and female. Though there was no evidence to Marie’s affairs. The diamond necklace affair surely didn’t help her popularity among the people. One of Marie’s supposed lovers received a message telling him to buy a diamond necklace, containing 647 diamonds. So the man obtained the necklace and brought it to a woman disguised as Queen Marie. The fake queen took the necklace to her husband who sold it in pieces for a massive profit. When the man failed to pay for the necklace the jewelers took the claim to the Queen. She insisted they go to trial with theShow MoreRelatedThe Portrait Of Marie Antoinette863 Words   |  4 Pagesartwork I decided to do my research and write about is the portrait of Marie Antoinette with her Children. I found this portrait very interested in me; I am going to give you a brief information on the artist of the artwork. This portrait was by Elisabeth Louise Vigee-Lerun and the portrait is oil on canvas, 9’  ½Ã¢â‚¬  x 7’5/8†. The portrait was created in 1700 in France. It’s a portrait of a French queen who is Marie Antoinette along with her children as a good mother to her children, but there isRead MoreEssay on Marie-Antoinette1384 Words   |  6 PagesMaria Antonia Josepha Joanna, later known as Mari e-Antoinette, was born on 02 November 1755. At 13 years of age, Marie was sent to France to begin her relationship with the Dauphin of France, Louis XVI. In 1770, at the age of 15, she and the Louis XVI were married in Vienna, then taking the throne in 1774. Marie-Antoinette was a young, beautiful, elegant, and graceful queen whose fashion influenced the women of France. She was very proud of where she originated, Hapsburg, and she was very proudRead MoreThe Innocence of Marie Antoinette1219 Words   |  5 Pageswithout a thought for her subjects’ plight. Such is the distorted but widespread view of Marie-Antoinette, Queen of France (1755-1793), wife of King Louis XVI. 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The chà ¢teau was originally supposed to be for Louis the XV’s mistress, MadameRead More Marie Antoinette Essay513 Words   |  3 Pages Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette was the wife of King Louis XVI of France. She was born in 1755 in France and was the daughter of the Great Emperor Francis I and Maria Theresa of Austria. Because here parents came from two countries at war with each other, their marriage formed a peace treaty. Marie was very spoiled and grew up with an extravagant lifestyle. She herself became the wife of the next heir to the French throne to further keep the peace. The heir was Louis XVI, who was a very dullRead More Marie Antoinette Essay2066 Words   |  9 Pagesbiggest mistake Louie made was when he bribed the Austrian princess Marie Antoniette at the age of fifteen . Because of Antoniette and Louie’s passion for her France underwent a horrible time period. She is the worst queen France has ever seen. 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Values- Allport-Vernon Free Essays

Define Values. Critically evaluate â€Å"Allport-Vernon† classification of values. How values  affectthe business processes. We will write a custom essay sample on Values- Allport-Vernon or any similar topic only for you Order Now Values represent basic convictions that â€Å"a specific mode of  conduct or end-state of  existence is personally or socially preferable to  an opposite or converse mode of conduct orend-state of existence† (Rokeach, 1973). When the values  are ranked in terms of  theirintensity, i. e. , when the value are prioritized in terms of their intensity, it is called valuesystem. Types of values include ethical/moral values, doctrinal/ideological (political,religious) values, social values, and aesthetic values. Values have both content and intensity  attributes. The content attribute signifies that amode of conduct or end-state of existence is  important. The intensity attribute specifieshow important it is. Ranking an individual’s values in terms of their intensity equals thatperson’s value system. Values build the foundation for the understanding of attitudes and motivation of anindividual, since; value has a  great impact on perceptions. Values shape relationships,behaviors, and choices. The more positive our values, more positive  are people’s actions. Asignificant portion of the values an individual holds is established in the early years—fromparents, teachers, friends, and others. Allport-Vernon classification of values: 1. Theoretical: Interest in the discovery of truth through reasoning and  systematicthinking. 2. Economic: Interest in usefulness and practicality, including the  accumulation of wealth. 3. Aesthetic: Interest in beauty, form and  artistic harmony. 4. Social: Interest in people and human  relationships. 5. Political: Interest in gaining power and influencing other people. 6. Religious: Interest in unity and understanding the cosmos as  a whole. Work behavior across cultures and  businesses In every culture, there are different sets  of attitudes and values which affect  behavior. Similarly, every individual has a set of attitudes and beliefs – filters through which he/sheviews management situations within organizational context. Managerial  beliefs, attitudesand values can affect organizations positively  or negatively. Managers portray trust andrespect in their employees in different  ways in different cultures. This is a  function of theirown cultural backgrounds. For example, managers from  specific culturestend to focusonly on the behavior that takes place at work, in contrast to managers from diffused  cultures who focus on wider range of behavior  including employees’ private and How to cite Values- Allport-Vernon, Papers

Employees Its Effect On Performance Rate †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Employees Its Effect On Performance Rate? Answer: Introduction In this chapter of the research plan, the method that will be used for fulfilling the purpose of the investigation will be mentioned. Proper Research Design Data Collection techniques, analysis and sampling method will be described in details along with providing justification of using each technique. The ethical issues that will be encountered by the investigators will also be highlighted in this section. All the research methods and design that will be implied can ultimately help on to establish the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance of an employee within a workplace. Research Design According to Mackey and Gass (2015), it is possible for the researchers to use types of Research Design which includes exploratory, explanatory and descriptive design. During the process of Data Collection, it is essential for the researchers to use a particular form of Research Design, which will help to improve upon the relevant information that is being collected. In the exploratory form of Research Design, it is possible for the investigators focus upon the ideas and thoughts that are primarily required to fulfill the purpose of the research. On the other hand, the explanatory Research Design describes the entire events that are associated with the subject area of the research. The above research work will aim to use the descriptive form of Research Design, which can help them collect relevant information related to job satisfaction and job performance within a workplace and thereby able to establish the relationship between the same. Research philosophy Purpose of the research philosophy is to determine the appropriate manner for getting detailed information relevance to the research topic. It can also help to determine the assumptions that are taken by the investigators while conducting research on the given subject area. The overall thinking process that has been applied by the research it depends upon the philosophy of research. Positivism philosophy helps to understand the logic and the Hidden facts, which causes the issue for the subject area of research. On the other hand the interpretive, helps to manage the complex structure involved in the research subject area and thereby aims to simplify the issues of the research subject (Flick 2015). For this particular research work, investigators will apply the realism philosophy, which will highlight up on the human factors involved in research subject area. With the help of this research philosophy, it is possible to highlight upon the factors that contribute to job satisfaction level of an employee in the workplace. It is also possible to evaluate the motivational factors that are necessary in dealing with improving the workplace performance. Research Approach There are mainly two kinds of research approaches that can be employed for all types of Investigation work. This includes the Inductive and deductive form of research approach. The inductive approach is applied in the investigation work, where sufficient amount of relevant data related to the subject area of research are not available to the researchers. Hence, it is the aim of inductive approach to gain idea and information relevant to the research subject and thereby help to broaden the area of understanding (Flick 2015). For the research work of establishing relationship between job satisfaction and job performance, the researchers will be able to get plenty of data from the primary sources. As they will be using the deductive form of research approach, it will aim to highlight up on the investigation work of explaining the collected data. This form of approach is chosen focusing upon the fact that plenty of data will be available from the relevant sources. Sampling Strategy The two main types of sampling strategies that can be used by the researcher in order to collect relevant information for the research subject area include probability sampling and nonprobability sampling method. In Probability sampling method the researchers will select the participants for the survey on interview, random methods, from the entire sample size of the research work. On the other hand in case of non-probability sampling method, researchers will select particular participants or respondents for the sample size from the entire subject area of the research (Silverman 2016). The main purpose of non-probability sampling method is to ensure that data are being collected from authentic sources and that can be reliable for making of the conclusion of the research work. For the current research work, the investigators and surveyors will use non probability sampling method, where they will select 100 Respondents from the chosen University. Out of that 50 will be chosen from the non-teaching department and the rest 50 from the teaching departments. This will ensure that they are able to collect data from all types of employees within the university and thereby able to estimate their job satisfaction level and its relationship with the level of performance that they are providing. The researchers also have to convince the chosen sample size, to take active participation and provide authentic data for the survey, which will ultimately help them to make precise result. Data Collection The data collection process is one of the important parts of the research methods, which helps the researchers to gather relevant information that is needed to draw the result of the research. There are mainly two types of data collection process that are used in all types of research work. In Primary research data collection methods, information is collected from primary sources which include direct survey and interview from the chosen sample size. This type of data is more reliable and provides the latest forms of information related to the research subject area. On the other hand, secondary data are collected from the research that has been conducted previously on the same issues as the current research area (Panneerselvam 2014).The primary data collection methods are used in the matter, and numerical data are collected that can be analysed using mathematical tools and statistical formula and also be represented in tables, charts or graphs. For the given research work of establishing relationship between Job satisfaction and employee performance in the New Bucks University, the researchers will mainly depend upon primary form of Data Collection. The data will be collected mainly from the teaching and non-teaching staffs of the university mainly to the form of survey and interview. The survey will be held by forming questionnaires. Survey will also have a particular sample size, which will be chosen from the teaching and non-teaching staff of New Buck University. Data Analysis There are two types of Data analysis method that can be employed in order to evaluate and estimate the data and make proper conclusion about the research work. The current research work will use more quantitative and qualitative form of data analysis in order to ensure that precise and accurate result are obtained from the primary data that are being collected from the survey. Proper statistical tools will also be employed in order to ensure that accurate and reliable result can be obtained. Validity and reliability This is one of the major issues that are encountered by most of the researchers while collecting data for the research work. It is important for the researchers to ensure that data are being collected from reliable and authentic sources. Moreover it is also essential to ensure that all the research methods and design that are being applied for conducting the current study are valid and can be practically applicable in order to resolve and investigate upon the Chosen subject area (Gast and Ledford 2014). For a given research work, the researchers can valid and rely on the collected data by ensuring that they are conducting the survey only from the permanent employees of the chosen University. They also need to select the sample size of the survey participants based on their past records of the employees. Validity of the collected data will also ensure that the conclusion of the research can be used in the future. Ethical issues During the time of conducting any research for it is always essential for the investigators to follow and considered certain ethical issues, which will ensure that there are no unfair practices implemented while conducting the research. This is also one of the major steps that can be followed ensure validity and reliability of the research work (Neuman and Robson 2014). In the current research work, investigators can deal with the ethical issues by ensuring that all the participants in the survey or not enforced to take participation. It is also essential to take proper permission from the participants before conducting survey and asking questions. The question will be asked only at the professional level to ensure that none of the participants are being ask any questions at personal level. The research will be done in time span of 26 weeks. Task And Time 1st week (2nd-4th) week (5th-7th)Week (8th-10th) week (11th -16th) week (17th -20th) week (21th-23th) week 24th week 25th week 26th Week Introduction and Search for Secondary Data Literature Review Research Methodology Design of Data Collection and Methods Data Collection Data Analysis and Presentation Conclusion and Recommendations Proof- Reading Sending First Draft to Supervisor Printing, Binding and Submission References Bowling, N.A., Khazon, S., Meyer, R.D. and Burrus, C.J., 2015. Situational strength as a moderator of the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analytic examination. Journal of Business and Psychology, 30(1), pp.89-104. Braun, S., Peus, C., Weisweiler, S. and Frey, D., 2013. Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and team performance: A multilevel mediation model of trust. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), pp.270-283. Cullen, K.L., Edwards, B.D., Casper, W.C. and Gue, K.R., 2014. Employees adaptability and perceptions of change-related uncertainty: Implications for perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, and performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29(2), pp.269-280. Dash, M., Banerjee, D. and Mitra, M., 2014. Team work and its effect on employees job satisfaction and performance evidence from hotels in Eastern India. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management Applied Science, 3(4), pp.153-159. Flick, U., 2015. Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Fu, W. and Deshpande, S.P., 2014. The impact of caring climate, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment on job performance of employees in a Chinas insurance company. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(2), pp.339-349. Gast, D.L. and Ledford, J.R. eds., 2014. Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and behavioral sciences. Routledge. Gayathiri, R., Ramakrishnan, L., Babatunde, S.A., Banerjee, A. and Islam, M.Z., 2013. Quality of work lifeLinkage with job satisfaction and performance. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 2(1), pp.1-8. Giacopelli, N.M., Simpson, K.M., Dalal, R.S., Randolph, K.L. and Holland, S.J., 2013. Maximizing as a predictor of job satisfaction and performance: A tale of three scales. Judgment and Decision Making, 8(4), p.448. Girma, S., 2016. The relationship between leadership style, job satisfaction and culture of the organization. IJAR, 2(4), pp.35-45. Haider, M., Aamir, A., Hamid, A.A. and Hashim, M., 2015. A literature Analysis on the Importance of Non-Financial Rewards for Employees' Job Satisfaction. Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences, 8(2), pp.341-354. Kock, N., Moqbel, M., Barton, K. and Bartelt, V., 2016. Intended Continued Use Social Networking Sites: Effects on Job Satisfaction and Performance. International Journal of Virtual Communities and Social Networking (IJVCSN), 8(2), pp.28-46. Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015. Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Mak, A.M., 2015. Effect of monetary motivation and demographic factors on employee job satisfaction and performance in Malaysian oil and gas industry (Doctoral dissertation, Asia e University). Menguc, B., Auh, S., Katsikeas, C.S. and Jung, Y.S., 2016. When Does (Mis) Fit in Customer Orientation Matter for Frontline Employees Job Satisfaction and Performance?. American Marketing Association. Neuman, W.L. and Robson, K., 2014. Basics of social research. Pearson Canada. Panneerselvam, R., 2014. Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Saeed, I., Waseem, M., Sikander, S. and Rizwan, M., 2014. The relationship of turnover intention with job satisfaction, job performance, leader member exchange, emotional intelligence and organizational commitment. International Journal of Learning and Development, 4(2), pp.242-256. Saputro, T.A., Paramita, P.D. and Gagah, E., 2016. Analysis the influence of the work environment and organizational commitment to job satisfaction and impact on employee job performance (studies at directorate officers polytechnic health ministry in semarang). Journal of Management, 2(2). Shooshtarian, Z., Ameli, F. and Aminilari, M., 2013. The effect of labor's emotional intelligence on their job satisfaction, job performance and commitment. Iranian Journal of Management Studies, 6(1), p.29. Silverman, D. ed., 2016. Qualitative research. Sage. Skaalvik, E.M. and Skaalvik, S., 2017. Motivated for teaching? Associations with school goal structure, teacher self-efficacy, job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion. Teaching and Teacher Education, 67, pp.152-160. Suwati, S., Minarsih, M.M. and Gagah, E., 2016. INFLUENCE OF MOTIVATION WORK, CAREER DEVELOPMENT AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION ON THE JOB SATISFACTION AND IMPLICATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES (CASE ON BABINMINVETCADDAM IV/DIPONEGORO). Journal of Management, 2(2). Vermeeren, B., Kuipers, B. and Steijn, B., 2014. Does leadership style make a difference? Linking HRM, job satisfaction, and organizational performance. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 34(2), pp.174-195.